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The Development-oriented PovertyReduction Program for Rural China
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In the mid-1980s, the economy of the overwhelming
majority of the rural areas in China, stimulated by the policy of reform
and opening-up and relying on their own advantages, grew by leaps and
bounds, but a small number of areas still lagged behind somewhat because
of economic, social, historical, natural and geographical conditions. The
disparity-economic, social and cultural-between the poverty-stricken areas
and other areas, especially that between the poverty-stricken areas and
the coastal advanced areas in the east, gradually widened. The uneven
development in the Chinese countryside became marked. Quite a number of
low-income people could not meet their basic needs for subsistence.
To further strengthen poverty relief, the Chinese
Government has adopted a series of important measures since 1986, such as
setting up special help-the-poor work units, allocating special funds,
formulating special favorable policies, thoroughly reforming the
traditional relief-type approach, and putting forward the
development-oriented poverty reduction policy. Since then, the Chinese
Government has set in motion a nationwide development-oriented poverty
reduction drive in a big and planned way, and China's help-the-poor work
has entered a new historical period. Thanks to the efforts made over the
past eight years, the net income per peasant in the poverty-stricken
counties to which the Chinese Government had attached special importance
increased from 206 yuan in 1986 to 483.7 yuan in 1993; the number of the
rural poor dropped from 125 million to 80 million, with an annual decrease
of 6.4 million on average, and an average annual decrease rate of 6.2
percent; and the proportion of poverty-stricken people in the total rural
population went down from 14.8 percent to 8.7 percent.
The Third Stage: Tackling Key
Problems of Poverty Relief (1994-2000)
Along with the deepening of the rural reform and
the constant strengthening of development-oriented poverty relief, the
number of the poverty-stricken people has shrunk year by year; great
changes have taken place in the features of poverty; and the distribution
of the poverty-stricken population shows obvious geographical
characteristics, i.e. most poverty-stricken people live in central and
western China, in the barren rocky mountain area of southwest China, the
arid Loess Plateau in northwest China and the impoverished Qinling and
Daba mountain areas (which suffer from rugged terrain, a shortage of
arable land, poor transportation conditions and serious soil erosion), and
the frigid Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The main factors behind poverty are
adverse natural conditions, weak infrastructure and backward social
development.
Marked by the promulgation and implementation of
the Seven-Year Priority Poverty Alleviation Program (a program designed to
lift 80 million people out of absolute poverty in the period of seven
years from 1994 to 2000) in March 1994, China's development-oriented
poverty-relief work entered the stage of tackling the key problems. The
Seven-Year Priority Poverty Alleviation Program clearly stipulated that
China should concentrate human, material and financial resources, mobilize
the forces of all walks of life in society and work hard to basically
solve the problem of food and clothing of the rural needy by the end of
2000. It was the first action program for development-oriented poverty
reduction with clear and definite objectives, targets, measures and a time
limit.
For three years running (1997-1999), China solved
the problem of food and clothing for eight million people a year-a record
high in the 1990s. By the end of 2000, the basic objectives of the
Seven-Year Priority Poverty Alleviation Program had been realized by and
large.
Thanks to the arduous and unremitting efforts in
the past more than two decades, China has made tremendous achievements in
its drive to assist with the development of the poor areas.
-The problem of food and clothing for more than 200
million rural poor has been solved. The number of poverty-stricken people
in rural areas with problems obtaining sufficient food and clothing
decreased from 250 million in 1978 to 30 million in 2000; and the
impoverishment rate there decreased from 30.7 percent to about three
percent. Of this, the number of poverty-stricken people in the
impoverished counties to which the Chinese Government gave priority in its
poverty alleviation efforts decreased from 58.58 million in 1994 to 17.1
million in 2000, involving mainly the destitute people living in areas
with adverse natural conditions, a small number of people receiving social
security assistance and some handicapped people.
-Production and living conditions have remarkably
improved. During the 15 years from 1986 to 2000, 99.15 million mu (one mu
= 1/15 ha) of basic farmland was constructed in poverty-stricken rural
areas, and the problem of drinking water for more than 77.25 million
people and more than 83.98 million draught animals were solved. By the end
of 2000, 95.5 percent of the administrative villages in the
poverty-stricken areas had electricity, 89 percent were accessible by
road, 69 percent had postal service, and 67.7 percent could be reached by
telephone.
-Economic development has been speeded up
remarkably. During the implementation of the Seven-Year Priority Poverty
Alleviation Program, the agricultural added value of the poverty-stricken
counties to which the Chinese Government gave priority in poverty
alleviation went up by 54 percent, with an average annual growth rate of
7.5 percent; their industrial added value grew by 99.3 percent, with an
average annual growth rate of 12.2 percent; their local financial revenue
almost doubled, with an average annual growth rate of 12.9 percent; grain
output rose by 12.3 percent, with an average annual growth rate of 1.9
percent; and the net income per peasant increased from 648 yuan to 1,337
yuan, with an average annual growth rate of 12.8 percent.
-Social undertakings have developed quickly. The
hitherto-rapid population growth in the poverty-stricken areas has been on
the whole put under control, and the population's natural growth rate has
decreased. The conditions for running schools have improved, and
remarkable progress has been made in the work for basically popularizing
nine-year compulsory education and that for basically eliminating
illiteracy among the young and middle-aged. Of the 592 poverty-stricken
counties to which the state gives priority in poverty relief, 318 have
attained the aforementioned two objectives. Both vocational and adult
education has progressed at seven-league strides, thus effectively
improving the quality of workers. The town and township hospitals in most
of the poor areas have been revamped or rebuilt. As a result, the shortage
of doctors and medicines has been alleviated. A large number of practical
agrotechniques have been popularized, and the level of scientific farming
has improved remarkably. Ninety-five percent of administrative villages in
poor areas can receive radio and TV programs; the cultural life of the
people in these areas has improved; and their mental outlook has changed
tremendously.
-Some poverty-stricken areas which lie in vast,
contiguous stretches have solved the problem of food and clothing as have
the Yimeng, Jinggang and Dabie mountain areas, southwest Fujian and other
old revolutionary base areas. Great changes have taken place in some
remote mountain areas and areas inhabited by ethnic minority people.
Dingxi Prefecture in Gansu Province and Xihaigu Prefecture in the Ningxia
Hui Autonomous Region, once known as the "poorest places on earth," have
vastly improved their infrastructure facilities and basic production
conditions after many years of effort, and their poverty-stricken state
has been greatly alleviated.
II.Policy Guarantee for the Aid-the-Poor Program
The poverty of China's rural areas is a
problem that arose over long years in the past. Impoverished regions in
China are characterized mainly by a large area and population sunk in
poverty. Based on its understanding of the basic national conditions,
especially the reality of the poverty-stricken areas and people, the
Chinese Government has formulated a policy for development-oriented
poverty alleviation that conforms to the reality in China. It sets mainly
solving the problem of food and clothing of the rural poor as its basic
objective and central task in this regard, starting from the most urgent
problems, acting according to its capability, giving priority to key
areas, and advancing step by step.
Defining the Standard of Poverty in
Conformity with the National Conditions
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